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This publication examines the big and small wars waged by Russia and the USSR in the 20th century. Brief descriptions of the military-political conditions that led to armed clashes are given, as well as statistics of casualties in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the First World War of 1914-1918. Most of the work is devoted to the main military event of the century - the Great Patriotic War. The book covers the post-war period, when the Soviet Union provided military and technical assistance to a number of states, sending specialists and advisers there; the losses of the Soviet troops in the Afghan war (1979-1989) are analyzed. The study is being completed with the latest armed conflicts of the 20th century on the territory of the USSR and the Russian Federation, including the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Transnistria. The results of human losses in the Armed Forces of Russia and the USSR over the past century have been summed up.