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It is believed that the Soviet Union has succeeded in the development of science. He created "Soviet" science - world-class science in terms of the subject and results of research, but very special as a system - state and directive controlled, which ruined it. True, almost until the 60s of the XX century it was not yet a "Soviet" science - the book is devoted to physics. It was done by pre-revolutionary professors and their "non-proletarian" students of the 1920s and 1930s - the generations of Ioffe, Skobeltsyn, Frenkel, Semenov, Kapitsa, Tamm, Fok, Kurchatov, Khariton, Ivanenko, Landau, Bogolyubov and others. However, when science is in the 60s -70s became really "Soviet", it itself as a world science was gone. The book provides a critical analysis of how it all happened. The book is intended for the widest range of readers interested in science, the history of science and national history.