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The textbook discusses the ways of development of the Spartan and Athenian policies and features of their socio-political system; analyzes the nature and structure of the hegemonic political unions of the Greek states, the reasons for the growth of the Athenian-Spartan rivalry and the originality of the imperial policy of Sparta and Athens; the reasons and features of the formation of the Athenian empire are characterized and its socio-economic, political, legal and ethno-cultural aspects are clarified. .The manual is intended for teachers, students and graduate students of the humanities faculties of pedagogical institutes and universities, as well as for all those interested in ancient history.