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Roman history is the most studied in the scientific literature; numerous literary and dramatic works, starting with Shakespeare, and their modern artistic adaptations are devoted to it. From childhood, any literate person knows that the planets are named after the ancient Roman gods, as well as the months with the addition of the names of two "god-like" rulers Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus. The Roman political system formed the basis of Western European state and legal institutions, and monumental art remains a role model. At the same time, its sociocultural dimensions were not seriously considered by anyone and were not subjected to systematic analysis, since most authors proceeded from the thesis of the unity or continuity of the achievements of Antiquity.