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This book is about the ability of the mind to create ideal images. The idealization of the West in Russia in the 1980s and 1990s, considered in the context of the European history of ideas, appears in the book as a stage of intercultural dialogue, the subject of which is the dispute over the legacy of the Enlightenment. The idealization of Stalinist Russia by Western intellectuals serves as a precursor to this dialogue. The book ends with an analysis of the reasons why the concept of idealization is not used by the social sciences. The history of the rejection of this concept makes it possible to assess the influence of religion on the formation of the intellectual apparatus of the social sciences.