Энергетическое право России и Германии: сравнительно-правовое исследование

Table of contents: Chapter 1. Introduction. Energy law as a complex branch of the Russian and German law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Part I. Introduction. Energy law as a complex branch of law Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Authors: V.F. Yakovlev P.G. Lakhno § 1. Energy, energetics and law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 I. Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 II. Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 III. Right. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 § 2. Energy legislation of the Russian Federation: formation and development. Energy Code of the Russian Federation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 I. The concept and content of energy legislation. . . . . . . . . . .56 II. Energy law is a complex branch of the energy legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 III. The Energy Code of the Russian Federation is the fundamental legal a document regulating relations in the fuel and energy complex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 § 3. Principles of energy law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1. The concept of legal principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2. Principles of energy law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.1. The principle of guaranteeing the provision of energy supply and energy security (obligation to connect to the network and supply energy and sources of energy - energy carriers). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.2. The principle of centralized decision-making on major issues state regulation of relations in the field of energy. . . . . . . . 79 2.3. The principle of energy priority in the country's economy and its mineral resource provision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 2.4. The principle of protection and environmental protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 2.5. The principle of predictability of state policy in the field of energy. .83 2.6. The principle of energy saving and energy efficiency. . . .84 2.7. The principle of adequacy of energy prices with costs for their production and distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2.8. The principle of saving rare fuels and increasing the use of coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 2.9. The principle of legal support for the development and use of alternative, renewable energy sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2.10. The principle of reducing dependence on foreign suppliers (for energy-deficient countries) and from transit countries (for the Russian Federation and other countries supplying energy resources from and through third countries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Part II. Introduction. Energy law as a complex branch of law Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Author: Franz Jurgen Secker Translation: E.V. Timofeeva § 1. Historical development of energy law in Germany. . . . . . . . . 89 I. Development of energy law before the adoption of the Energy Law economy in 1935. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 II. The influence of cartel law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 III. A step towards the development of competition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1. Energy Economy Act 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 2. Law on Energy Management as amended in 2003. . .93 3. Law on Energy Management as amended in 2005. . .93 4. The third legislative package of the EU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 § 2. Basic ideas of energy economic law. . . . . . . . . . . 95 § 3. Private legal framework for the regulation of network infrastructure in the Law about energy economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 § 4. Constitutional and legal framework for regulating network infrastructure. . . .99 § 5. Principles of regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 I. Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 II. Costs of an efficient and comparable in terms of market structure enterprise as a criterion for determining fees for the provision of services. . . . . . . . . . . 103 Chapter 2. Law of primary energy sources. Mining Law. . . . . . . . . .107 Part I. Law of Primary Energy Sources in Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Authors: I.V. Gudkov, P.G. Lakhno, R.N. Salieva, D.N. Shmeleva § 1. Ownership of land, subsoil and subsoil resources. . . . . . . . . . .108 I. The concept of ownership of land, subsoil and subsoil resources. . . . . . . .109 II. The concept and types of primary energy sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 III. Legal regulation of geological study of subsoil, prospecting and exploration oil and gas fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 IV. Specifics of subsoil use on the continental shelf. . . . . . . . . . 134 V. Entrepreneurial activity of foreign investors in the field subsoil use in the Russian Federation: legal issues. . . . . . . . . .135 § 2. State regulation in the field of subsoil use. . . . . . . . .141 I. The concept, goals and objectives of state regulation of relations subsoil use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 II. The system of federal authorities and administrations that carry out regulation in the field of extraction of primary energy sources. . . . . . . . . .143 III. Basic requirements and state control over geological study, rational use and protection of mineral resources. . . . . . . . . . . .145 § 3. Regulation of access and payment for granting the right to extract primary energy sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 I. The procedure for licensing the use of subsoil. Principles of subsoil use Access models: licensed and contractual (PSA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 II. Types of subsoil use. Types of licenses for the use of subsoil, the possibility of their transfer and termination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 III. Payments for the use of subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 IV. Improvement of legislation on subsoil use . . . . . . . . . .157 § 4. Legal regime of facilities for the development of oil and gas fields. . . 160 I. The concept and features of structures for the development of oil and gas fields. . 160 II. Types of mining property used for prospecting, exploration and production of oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 2.1. Deep drilling well - concept, structure and types. . . . . . . . . 168 2.2. Technological complex of field development - concept and content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 2.3. Well cluster - concept and content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Part II. Legal regulation in the field of subsoil use. mining law Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Author: Gunther Kuehne Translation: M.V. Zaikova § 1. Fundamentals of subsoil legislation in Germany, including relations ownership of them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 I. The history of the development of German mining legislation since the 19th century. . . . . . . .174 1. Interests and the economic system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 2. Development of law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 II. Classification of minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 III. Determination of ownership of mineral deposits. .178 IV. The subject area of application of mining law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 V. Territorial scope of mining law (continental shelf) . .180 § 2. State regulation of mining access to the deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 I. General provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 1. Two-level state regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2. Basic models at the first level of regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 3. Administrative and legal model of access to the right to use subsoil in German Mining Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 4. Requirements of European law and claims to acquire rights owner or user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 II. Types and content of permits for subsoil use. . . . . . . . . . . . 182 III. Validity (limited validity period) of permits for subsoil use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 IV. Issuance of permits for the extraction of minerals free for mining minerals (eg oil, natural gas, coal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 1. Subject structure of applicants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 2. Conditions for obtaining a permit for subsoil use. . . . . . . . . . . . .185 3. Competitiveness of applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 V. The right of the holder of an exploration permit to obtain licenses for development and production activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 VI. Assignment of rights to use subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 VII. Suspension and Termination of Permits for subsoil use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 1. Grounds for termination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 2. Expiry date. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 3. Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 4. Feedback. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 5. Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 VIII. The system of authorities exercising control in the field of regulation mining access to deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 § 3. Taxes and fees in the field of mining and subsoil use (tax on the allotted subsoil plot and production tax) . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 I. Basic provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 II. System of payments for the use of subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 III. Modification of the legislative payment system through regulatory acts of the federal states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 IV. Development of taxation of oil and gas production; division of powers between the federal center and the lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 § 4. State regulation of the operation of mining enterprises, including those in the oil and gas sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 I. General provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 II. Instruments of preventive state regulation: drafting enterprise production plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 1. Activities that oblige to draw up a production plan. . . . . .197 2. Types and functions of the production plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 III. The procedure for approving the production plan of the enterprise. . . . . . . . 197 1. The right of the subsoil user to approve the plan and its legal nature. . .197 2. Requirements for the approval of production plans (clauses 1-13 suggestion 1 paragraph 1 § 55 FGZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 IV. Retrospective state control (mining supervision). . . . . . . . 202 V. Responsible persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 § 5. Mining and environmental protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 I. General provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 II. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 1. Legislative framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 2. Main objectives and elements of EIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 III. Impact assessment according to the Nature Conservation Law. . . . . . . . . .206 § 6. Mining and land ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . .207 I. General provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 II. Assignment of land ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 III. Compensation for damage caused in mining law. . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 § 7. Final assessment of the German mining law, taking into account the impact European and constitutional law on it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Chapter 3. The concept, legal and economic structure of energy markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 PART I. Concept and legal structure of energy markets in Russia. . . . 213 Authors: § 1 - P.G. Lakhno, § 2 - A.Yu. Arkhipchenko, § 3 - O.A. Buchnev, Yu.V. Emelyashina, P.G. Lakhno, L.V. Shamis, § 4 - E.A. Gavrilina, P.G. Lakhno § 1. The concept and types of energy markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 § 2. The concept and infrastructure of electricity markets. . . . . . . . . 218 2.1. Wholesale market of electrical energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 a) organization of the wholesale market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 b) access of subjects to the wholesale market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 c) power market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 2.2. Retail Electricity Markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 a) the legal basis of the organization and the technological infrastructure of retail markets (subjects of retail markets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 b) guaranteeing suppliers (legal status, functions and procedure for assigning organizations of this status and boundaries of areas of activity). . . . . . . . . . . 235 c) pricing in retail markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 § 3. Legal aspects of the formation of the Russian natural gas market. . . . .239 § 4. Legal aspects of the formation of oil markets in the Russian Federation and oil products. Commodity exchanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Part II. Economic structure of energy markets and antitrust control in Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 § 1. Delimitation of commodity markets for electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Author: Mike Wolf Translation: E.V. Timofeeva I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 II. Electricity Transportation Markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 III. Energy Markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 1. Wholesale electricity markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 a) Primary market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 b) Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 2. Retail electricity markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 a) Division into small and large consumers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 b) Division into small consumers supplied by special and basic tariffs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 3. Balancing electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 § 2. The concept and definition of the boundaries of gas markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Author: Kurt Markert Translation: E.V. Timofeeva I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 II. Determining the boundaries of the food market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 2. Wholesale markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 3. Retail markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 III. Determination of the geographical boundaries of the market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 § 3. Antimonopoly control of electricity prices. . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Author: Kurt Markert Translation: E.V. Timofeeva I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 II. Control of electricity prices on the basis of §§ 19 and 29 of the Act against competition restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 a) Development of legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 b) Dominant market position as a condition for the application of the rules. . . . . . . 287 aa) Primary market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 bb) Distribution market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 her) Retail Markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 dd) Balancing markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 2. Control of electricity prices on the basis of § 29 of the Anti-Restriction Act competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 a) The concept of a comparable market (clause 1 sentence 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 b) The concept of limiting profits (clause 2 of sentence 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 c) Possibilities of exercising the right in court. . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 3. Control of electricity prices on the basis of par. 2 para. 4 § 19 of the Act against competition restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 III. Control of electricity prices on the basis of § 307 and 315 BGB. . . . . . 293 1. Current legal regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 2. Control over price adjustment clauses based on § 307 GGU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 3. Control of the price level on the basis of § 315 BGB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 § 4. Antimonopoly control of gas prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Author: Kurt Markert Translation: E.V. Timofeeva I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 II. Control of gas prices on the basis of sections 19 and 29 of the Anti-Restriction Act competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 1. Having a dominant market position as a condition of application Sections 19 and 29 of the Anti-Competition Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 2. Criteria for establishing abuse of dominance. . . . 297 III. Control of gas prices on the basis of § 307 and 315 BGB. . . . . . . . . . . .297 Chapter 4. Legal regulation of energy infrastructure facilities: networks (wires) and pipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Part I. Legal regulation of energy infrastructure facilities in Russia: networks (wires) and pipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Authors: introduction - P.E. Lakhno, paragraph 1.1 § 1 - E.V. Timofeeva clause 1.2 § 1 - G.V. Gerke, I.V. Gudkov, P.G. Lakhno § 2 - E.N. Erina § 3 - E.A. Gavrilina, I.V. Gudkov, P.G. Lakhno clause 4.1 § 4 - A.Yu. Arkhipchenko, E.V. Blinkova clause 4.2 § 4 - E.V. Gerke, P.E. Lakhno § 1. Organizational and legal structure of energy industries. . . . . . . 300 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 1.1. Organizational and legal structure of the electric power industry. . . . . . . . . . 304 1.2. Organizational and legal structure of the Russian gas industry. . . . . . . .320 1.2.1. Gas supply systems of the Russian Federation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330 § 2. Electrical networks and law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 1. The concept and types of electrical networks: backbone (backbone) and distributive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 1.1. Electrical networks and law. General issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Legal status and obligations of JSC "Federal Grid Company of the United energy system" (JSC "FGC UES") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 Legal status of regional electrical distribution networks. . . . . 341 § 3. Main pipelines and law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347 3.1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 3.2. Draft Federal Law "On the main pipeline transport" . . . . . . . . . 353 3.3. The concept of the main pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 3.4. The main pipeline is real estate. . . . . . . . . . . .359 3.5. Technological process of gas pipeline transportation. . . . . . 360 § 4. Dispatch management and control in energy systems: concept, types and content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 4.1. Dispatch control and management in the electric power industry. . . . . . . . 361 4.1.1. Operational dispatch control in the electric power industry. . . . . . . 361 a) principles and organization of operational dispatch control b) ensuring the balance of production and consumption of electrical energy 4.2. Dispatch control and operation of the Unified System gas supply and gas distribution systems: organizational and legal Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 4.2.1. Dispatch control of the Unified Gas Supply System. . . . . . . . 372 4.2.2. Dispatch control of gas distribution systems. . . . . . 386 4.2.3. Gas supply with limited consumption regime. Restriction order gas consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Part II. Security and reliability of energy and gas supply as a goal German Energy Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 § 1. Electricity and gas transmission networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 1.1. Electricity of the net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 Author: Christoph Richmann Translation: M.V. Zaikova 1. Status and responsibilities of network organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402 a) general specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 b) general energy policy conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402 c) general energy and legal conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 d) special regulatory conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 2. The specifics of the legal status and obligations of organizations operating distribution networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 a) concessions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 b) legal form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 c) division of activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 d) provision of special types of services - commercial accounting and implementation settlements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 e) power supply quality control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 3. The specifics of the legal status and obligations of organizations operating power networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 a) organizational prerequisites b) energy political and economic prerequisites. . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 aa) market conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 bb) tasks of organizations operating power transmission networks. . . . . . . . .411 c) the objectives of a possible restructuring of the German transmission networks. . . . . .411 (1) investment security and security of supply. . . . . . . . . .412 (2) cost effectiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 (3) network competitiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 y) provision of special services - services for operational and dispatching management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Due to the large volume, the content is not given in full.